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Yakun Sophia Shao, Sam (Likun) Xi, Vijayalakshmi Srinivasan, Gu-Yeon Wei,
David Brooks: Co-Designing Accelerators and SoC Interfaces using
gem5-Aladdin. In: International Symposium on Microarchitecture (MICRO), 2016.
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Function units power model normalized to a commercial 40nmPower in mW, energy in pJ, time in ns, area in $um^2$| Unit | 1ns | 2ns | 3ns | 4ns | 5ns | 6ns | 10ns |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Reg | 7.936518e-03 | 3.967495e-03 | 2.644534e-03 | 1.982290e-03 | 1.586138e-03 | 1.322600e-03 | 5.535310e-04 |
| Int Add | 5.523790e-02 | 2.436880e-02 | 1.626669e-02 | 1.217552e-02 | 9.743773e-03 | 8.115300e-03 | 4.832257e-03 |
| Float Add | 2.537098e+00 | 7.593400e-01 | 4.984708e-01 | 3.002500e-01 | 2.420383e-01 | 2.019671e-01 | 1.171926e+00 |
| Double Add | 6.530689e+00 | 1.687466e+00 | 1.108012e+00 | 7.831175e-01 | 6.272768e-01 | 5.442410e-01 | 2.413056e-01 |
| Mul | 4.979808e+00 | 1.748818e+00 | 1.125718e+00 | 8.601815e-01 | 6.866739e-01 | 5.725752e-01 | 3.459049e-01 |
| Float Mul | 5.050183e+00 | 1.965633e+00 | 1.222883e+00 | 8.114298e-01 | 5.817426e-01 | 4.837020e-01 | 2.908399e-01 |
| Double Mul | 1.537875e+01 | 6.531244e+00 | 3.885739e+00 | 2.908127e+00 | 2.253656e+00 | 1.827799e+00 | 9.056301e-01 |
| Bitwise | 1.010606e-02 | 5.047962e-03 | 3.362023e-03 | 2.518915e-03 | 2.013105e-03 | 1.680942e-03 | 1.011508e-03 |
| Shifter | 8.162355e-02 | 3.965413e-02 | 2.810824e-02 | 2.057662e-02 | 1.630555e-02 | 1.361771e-02 | 8.120019e-03 |
| Unit | 1ns | 2ns | 3ns | 4ns | 5ns | 6ns | 10ns |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Reg | 1.062977e-03 | 5.381930e-04 | 3.584390e-04 | 2.685621e-04 | 2.146359e-04 | 1.792126e-04 | 1.800732e-04 |
| Int Add | 1.551852e-01 | 1.850702e-02 | 1.235638e-02 | 9.249207e-03 | 7.400587e-03 | 6.162853e-03 | 3.701820e-03 |
| Mul | 7.703601e+00 | 3.028611e+00 | 1.808644e+00 | 1.305749e+00 | 1.038409e+00 | 8.662890e-01 | 5.337095e-01 |
| Bitwise | 7.950398e-03 | 3.971243e-03 | 2.644812e-03 | 1.981596e-03 | 1.583778e-03 | 1.322420e-03 | 7.957616e-04 |
| Shifter | 3.356332e-01 | 1.636524e-01 | 1.126897e-01 | 8.443299e-02 | 6.699894e-02 | 5.602076e-02 | 3.338565e-02 |
| Float Add | 3.022642e+00 | 1.078363e+00 | 6.775324e-01 | 3.575648e-01 | 2.865075e-01 | 2.384996e-01 | 1.395194e-01 |
| Double Add | 8.053947e+00 | 2.670491e+00 | 1.757285e+00 | 1.153851e+00 | 9.240008e-01 | 7.836721e-01 | 3.513326e-01 |
| Float Mul | 6.723213e+00 | 2.976142e+00 | 1.864999e+00 | 1.286168e+00 | 1.041773e+00 | 8.629250e-01 | 5.956748e-01 |
| Double Mul | 2.254211e+01 | 1.079134e+01 | 6.731264e+00 | 5.000629e+00 | 3.942233e+00 | 3.205311e+00 | 1.979930e+00 |
| Trig | 3.546680e-01 |
| Unit | 1ns | 2ns | 3ns | 4ns | 5ns | 6ns | 10ns |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Reg | 8.999495e-03 | 4.505785e-03 | 3.002932e-03 | 2.250880e-03 | 1.800732e-03 | 1.501882e-03 | 5.535310e-04 |
| Add | 2.104162e-01 | 4.287582e-02 | 2.862321e-02 | 2.142472e-02 | 1.714394e-02 | 1.427760e-02 | 8.534078e-03 |
| Mul | 1.268341e+01 | 4.777429e+00 | 2.934361e+00 | 2.165931e+00 | 1.725082e+00 | 1.438864e+00 | 8.796144e-01 |
| Bitwise | 1.805590e-02 | 9.019205e-03 | 6.006835e-03 | 4.500511e-03 | 3.596883e-03 | 3.003348e-03 | 1.807256e-03 |
| Shifter | 4.172512e-01 | 2.033093e-01 | 1.407910e-01 | 1.050096e-01 | 8.330449e-02 | 6.963903e-02 | 4.150581e-02 |
| Float | 5.559602e+00 | 1.837654e+00 | 1.176003e+00 | 6.578148e-01 | 5.285458e-01 | 4.404667e-01 | 2.567121e-01 |
| Double | 1.458464e+01 | 4.357818e+00 | 2.865236e+00 | 1.936901e+00 | 1.551297e+00 | 1.327913e+00 | 5.926381e-01 |
| Float Mul | 1.177340e+01 | 4.941775e+00 | 3.087881e+00 | 2.097638e+00 | 1.623476e+00 | 1.346627e+00 | 8.865146e-01 |
| Double Mul | 3.792086e+01 | 1.732259e+01 | 1.061700e+01 | 7.908756e+00 | 6.195889e+00 | 5.033110e+00 | 2.885502e+00 |
| Trig | 5.293091e-01 |
| Unit | 1ns | 2ns | 3ns | 4ns | 5ns | 6ns | 10ns |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Reg | 8.999495e-03 | 9.011432e-03 | 9.008934e-03 | 9.003520e-03 | 9.003937e-03 | 9.011016e-03 | 5.535310e-03 |
| Add | 2.104162e-01 | 8.575164e-02 | 8.586963e-02 | 8.569890e-02 | 8.572111e-02 | 8.566836e-02 | 8.534078e-02 |
| Mul | 1.268341e+01 | 9.554858e+00 | 8.803084e+00 | 8.663723e+00 | 8.625412e+00 | 8.633185e+00 | 8.796144e+00 |
| Bitwise | 1.805590e-02 | 1.803786e-02 | 1.801981e-02 | 1.800177e-02 | 1.798511e-02 | 1.801981e-02 | 1.807256e-02 |
| Shifter | 4.172512e-01 | 4.066186e-01 | 4.223870e-01 | 4.200412e-01 | 4.165155e-01 | 4.178342e-01 | 4.150581e-01 |
| Float | 1.667880e+01 | 1.102593e+01 | 1.058403e+01 | 7.893778e+00 | 7.928188e+00 | 7.928400e+00 | 7.701362e+00 |
| Double | 4.375391e+01 | 2.614691e+01 | 2.578712e+01 | 2.324281e+01 | 2.326946e+01 | 2.390244e+01 | 1.777915e+01 |
| Float Mul | 3.532019e+01 | 2.965065e+01 | 2.779093e+01 | 2.517166e+01 | 2.435215e+01 | 2.423928e+01 | 2.659543e+01 |
| Double Mul | 1.137626e+02 | 1.039355e+02 | 9.555302e+01 | 9.490508e+01 | 9.293833e+01 | 9.059598e+01 | 8.656505e+01 |
| Trig | 1.587927e+01 |
| Unit | 1ns | 2ns | 3ns | 4ns | 5ns | 6ns | 10ns |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Reg | 7.395312e-05 | 7.395312e-05 | 7.395312e-05 | 7.395312e-05 | 7.395312e-05 | 7.395312e-05 | 7.358945e-05 |
| Add | 2.249908e-03 | 2.380803e-03 | 2.380803e-03 | 2.380803e-03 | 2.380803e-03 | 2.380803e-03 | 2.380803e-03 |
| Mul | 7.786052e-02 | 4.831147e-02 | 4.668189e-02 | 4.853217e-02 | 4.817683e-02 | 4.817683e-02 | 4.817683e-02 |
| Bitwise | 6.111633e-04 | 6.111633e-04 | 6.111633e-04 | 6.111633e-04 | 6.111633e-04 | 6.111633e-04 | 6.111633e-04 |
| Shifter | 1.697876e-03 | 1.710091e-03 | 1.781854e-03 | 1.731190e-03 | 1.694823e-03 | 1.695794e-03 | 1.695100e-03 |
| Float | 5.311069e-02 | 2.148941e-02 | 2.017866e-02 | 1.573381e-02 | 1.520482e-02 | 1.515083e-02 | 1.525465e-02 |
| Double | 1.332011e-01 | 4.503745e-02 | 4.089089e-02 | 3.495138e-02 | 3.505479e-02 | 3.825941e-02 | 3.017909e-02 |
| Float Mul | 1.198412e-01 | 5.942110e-02 | 4.939027e-02 | 4.502912e-02 | 4.215861e-02 | 4.198441e-02 | 4.476567e-02 |
| Double Mul | 2.763760e-01 | 1.947566e-01 | 1.532231e-01 | 1.511790e-01 | 1.402072e-01 | 1.348457e-01 | 1.232215e-01 |
| Trig | 1.037373e-01 |
| Unit | 1ns | 2ns | 3ns | 4ns | 5ns | 6ns | 10ns |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Reg | 5.981433e+00 | 5.981433e+00 | 5.981433e+00 | 5.981433e+00 | 5.981433e+00 | 5.981433e+00 | 5.981433e+00 |
| Add | 2.779792e+02 | 1.794430e+02 | 1.794430e+02 | 1.794430e+02 | 1.794430e+02 | 1.794430e+02 | 1.794430e+02 |
| Mul | 6.351338e+03 | 5.137736e+03 | 4.974349e+03 | 4.619555e+03 | 4.595000e+03 | 4.595000e+03 | 4.595000e+03 |
| Bit | 5.036996e+01 | 5.036996e+01 | 5.036996e+01 | 5.036996e+01 | 5.036996e+01 | 5.036996e+01 | 5.036996e+01 |
| Shifter | 2.496461e+02 | 2.496461e+02 | 2.496461e+02 | 2.496461e+02 | 2.496461e+02 | 2.496461e+02 | 2.496461e+02 |
| Float | 4.361094e+03 | 3.007087e+03 | 2.963327e+03 | 2.117743e+03 | 2.063594e+03 | 2.063594e+03 | 2.063594e+03 |
| Double | 9.884790e+03 | 6.128136e+03 | 5.981118e+03 | 5.115384e+03 | 5.116643e+03 | 5.122311e+03 | 3.989615e+03 |
| Float Mul | 8.967113e+03 | 6.153321e+03 | 5.696528e+03 | 5.219903e+03 | 4.905719e+03 | 4.889350e+03 | 5.421698e+03 |
| Double Mul | 2.226951e+04 | 1.806079e+04 | 1.632711e+04 | 1.624086e+04 | 1.576422e+04 | 1.536190e+04 | 1.394492e+04 |
| Trig | 1.058682e+04 |